September 5
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Events on This Day
1774 - Delegates from all of the thirteen American colonies except Georgia met as the First Continental Congress convened at Carpenters Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.1877 - Crazy Horse, a Sioux chief known for his role in the resistance against white expansion in the United States, was killed by the bayonet thrust of Private William Gentiles of the 14th Infantry on this day.
1881 - The first disaster relief provided by the American Red Cross benefited thousands of fire victims left destitute this day by the Great Fire of 1881. It had been a long hot summer in the ‘thumb-area’ of Michigan and small forest fires were burning. A southwest gale fanned the flames into an inferno. The fire raged for three days, scorching over a million acres. Over 125 people died in the blaze. The American Association for the Relief of Misery on the Battlefields was a result of the International Red Cross and the forerunner of the American Association of the Red Cross. Clara Barton was instrumental in establishing the American chapter in 1881.
1882 - The first Labor Day holiday parade was held in New York City. It was sponsored by the Central Labor Union. Some 10,000 workers -- all men -- participated in the parade.
1885 - Jake Gumper of Ft. Wayne, IN bought the first gasoline pump produced in the United States.
1901 - The National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues was formed in Chicago. It became the first organized baseball league.
1905 - The Treaty of Portsmouth was signed by representatives of Russia and Japan, ending the Russo-Japanese War. Why was it called The Treaty of Portsmouth? It was signed at Portsmouth, New Hampshire.
1906 - Bradbury Robinson executed the first forward pass in football. Robinson threw the ball to Jack Schneider of St. Louis University in a game against Carroll College.
1938 - The NBC Red network broadcast Life Can Be Beautiful for the first time. The program was “an inspiring message of faith drawn from life.” The program aired until 1954.
1944 - This was Dolle Dinsdag (Mad Tuesday) in the Netherlands as 65,000 German occupation forces and pro-German Dutch nazi collaborators fled to Germany.
1945 - Iva Ikuko Toguri D’Aquino, a Japanese-American suspected of being wartime radio broadcaster ‘Tokyo Rose’ was arrested in Yokohama, Japan. Convicted of treason because she was still a U.S. citizen, D’Aquino served six years in prison; she was pardoned in 1977 by President Gerald Ford.
1953 - The first privately operated atomic reactor opened -- in Raleigh NC. The Raleigh Research Reactor “breathed with nuclear life” at 59 minutes past midnight on this day.
1956 - Johnny Cash hit the record world running with I Walk the Line. Cash’s debut hit song climbed to #17 on the pop music charts.
1958 - The first color videotaped program was aired. It was The Betty Feezor Show on WBTV-TV in Charlotte, NC.
1958 - Doctor Zhivago, the novel by Russian author Boris Pasternak, was published in the United States for the first time. Doctor Zhivago won Pasternak the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1958.
1960 - Cassius Clay of Louisville, KY won the gold medal in light heavyweight boxing at the Olympic Games in Rome, Italy. Clay would later change his name to Muhammad Ali and become one of the great boxing champions in the world. In 1996, at the Olympic Games in Atlanta, GA, Muhammad Ali was given the honor of lighting the Olympic flame.
1964 - The Animals’ House of the Rising Sun made it to #1. It stayed at the top until it was replaced three weeks later by Roy Orbison’s Oh, Pretty Woman. Orbison’s smash was just entering the pop charts on this day for a 14-week run.
1966 - The first Jerry Lewis MDA Telethon to benefit the Muscular Dystrophy Association was broadcast by only one station -- in New York City. It was the first televised fund-raising event of its kind to raise more than $1 million in pledges.
1971 - J.R. Richard of the Houston Astros tied Karl Spooner’s record by striking out 15 batters in his major-league baseball debut. The Astros beat the San Francisco Giants 5-3.
1972 - PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization) terrorists entered the Olympic Village in Munich, Germany. The terrorists killed two Israeli athletes and took nine others and their coaches hostage. In all, eleven members of the Israeli Olympic team, five guerrillas and a police officer were killed in the 20-hour siege.
1972 - Roberta Flack and Donny Hathaway won a gold record for their duet, Where Is the Love. The song got to number five on the pop music charts and was one of two songs that earned gold for the duo. The other was The Closer I Get To You (1978).
1975 - U.S. President Gerald Ford escaped an attempt on his life by Lynette ‘Squeaky’ Fromme, a Charles Manson-family devotee, in Sacramento, California. Fromme, 27, had attempted to shoot the president in Sacramento with a hand gun. Secret service agents wrestled the weapon from her.
1978 - The Camp David peace conference began with U.S. President Jimmy Carter, Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin and Egyptian President Anwar Sadat.
1980 - Switzerland’s St. Gotthard Auto Tunnel, the longest underground motorway in the world, opened. Traffic moved along the 10+ miles that took ten years to build and cost $417 million.
1983 - The MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour on PBS (Public Broadcasting System) became the first hourlong network news show.
1984 - Mortimer Zuckerman, a real estate magnate, spent $163 million on a deal. Zuckerman purchased the newsmagazine U.S. News & World Report.
1986 - After 23 years of “oohing” and “aahing,” laughing and kibitzing as host of various talk shows, Merv Griffin aired his final program for Metromedia Television.
1988 - On the U.S. Campaign ’88 trail, Republican George Bush continued to link his opponent with “the liberal left,” while Democrat Michael Dukakis charged that under a GOP administration, “the rich have become richer, the poor have gotten poorer.”
1989 - Chris Evert played the last match of her 19-year career. She lost to Zina Garrison 7-6, 6-2, in the quarterfinals of the U.S. Open. Evert finished her career with a match record of 1,304-145. She had won 157 tournament championships, including 18 Grand Slam titles, and nearly $9 million in prize money. Her record at the U.S. Open was 101-12, with six titles.
1993 - Will Rogers Follies closed at Palace Theater on Broadway in New York City after 981 performances.
1993 - French cinematographer Claude Renoir died. He was 78 years old. Renoir’s famous films include The Spy Who Loved Me.
1995 - France, under President Jacques Chirac, resumed nuclear testing, after a three-year moratorium, in the French South Pacific atoll of Mururoa.
1997 - Mother Teresa (Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu) died of a heart attack at her Missionaries of Charity headquarters in Calcutta, India. The Albanian nun had celebrated her 87th birthday just nine days earlier. The recipient of the 1979 Nobel Peace Prize, Mother Teresa gave hope to millions, caring for, helping and listening to the poor and downtrodden.
1997 - Fire Down Below opened in the U.S. The action thriller stars Steven Seagal, Marg Helgenberger, Harry Dean Stanton, Stephen Lang and Kris Kristofferson.
1997 - The Kansas City Jazz Museum opened next to the Negro Leagues Baseball Museum.
1998 - Aerosmith’s I Don't Want to Miss a Thing debuted at #1 on U.S. music charts. The song, from the movie, Armageddon, was the first single by Aerosmith to reach number one. It stayed at the top through the entire month of September.
1999 - Allen Funt, founder of Candid Camera, died in Pebble Beach. He was 84 years old.
2001 - Mexican President Vicente Fox arrived at the White House as the first state visitor of the George Bush (II) presidency.
2001 - Sports commentator Heywood Hale Broun died in Kingston, NY. He was 83 years old. Broun is remembered for his English-language expressions, handlebar mustache and colorful sport coats. In addition, Heywood Hale Broun acted in a number of movies and television programs in guest or minor roles. Broun’s mother, Ruth Hale, was America’s first female movie critic.
2002 - Tony Award-winning actor Cliff Gorman died. He was 65 years old. Gorman won his Tony for for portraying comedian Lenny Bruce in the 1971 play Lenny.
2003 - Singer/actress Gisele MacKenzie died. She was 76 years old. MacKenzie starred on Your Hit Parade in the 1950s, and headlined NBC’s The Gisele MacKenzie Show.
2003 - The Big Thunder Mountain Railroad ride derailed at Disneyland theme park in Anaheim, California. The crash killed one man and injured ten other people, including a 9-year-old.
2003 - These films debuted in U.S. theatres: Blackball, starring Paul Kaye, James Cromwell, Alice Evans, Bernard Cribbins, Johnny Vegas, Imelda Staunton and Vince Vaughn; Dickie Roberts: Former Child Star, with David Spade, Craig Bierko, Jenna Boyd, Jon Lovitz, Mary McCormack, Alyssa Milano, Doris Roberts and Sascha Knopft; Home Room, starring Busy Philipps, Erika Christensen, Victor Garber, Agnes Bruckner, Holland Taylor, Raphael Sbarge, James Pickens, Jr., Constance Zimmer, Nathan West, Roxanne Hart, Richard Gilliland, Arthur Taxier and Ken Jenkins; and The Order, with Heath Ledger, Mark Addy, Benno Fürmann, Shannyn Sossamon and Peter Weller.
2004 - Australian Prime Minister John Howard hosted the 19th World Energy Congress in Sydney. He defended his country’s controversial refusal to ratify the "Kyoto Protocol" on greenhouse gases.
2005 - Judge John G. Roberts, Jr. was nominated by U.S. President George Bush (II) to be Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court.
2006 - Chevron and Devon energy announced successful oil production from a new deep water region in the Gulf of Mexico estimated at 3-15 billion barrels of oil plus gas.
2006 - TV news icon Dan Rather announced that he and his wife, Jean, had donated $2 million to his alma mater, Sam Houston State University (Huntsville, TX). It was the largest single monetary gift in the school’s history.
2007 - I Want Someone to Eat Cheese With opened in the U.S. The romantic comedy stars Jeff Garlin, Bonnie Hunt, Sarah Silverman, Amy Sedaris, Roger Bart, Elle Fanning, Gina Gershon, Tim Kazurinsky, Aaron Carter, Rebecca Sage Allen, Richard Kind and Paul Mazursky.
2007 - Kelly McBee, a 30-year-old mother of three from northern Wyoming, was voted Mrs. America 2008. McBee won the prize in the ceremony at the Loews Ventana Canyon Resort. in Tucson, AZ.
2007 - Former U.S. Senator and actor Fred Thompson announced that he was a Republican candidate for the U.S. presidency. (Thompson dropped out of the race Jan 22, 2008.)
2008 - New movies in the U.S.: August Evening, with Pedro Castaneda, Veronica Loren, Abel Becerra, Walter Perez and Sandra Rios; Bangkok Dangerous, starring Nicolas Cage, Shahkrit Yamnarm, Charlie Yeung and Panward Hemmanee; Everybody Wants to be Italian, with Jay Jablonski, Cerina Vincent, John Kapelos, John Enos III and Marisa Petroro; and Ping Pong Playa, starring Jimmy Tsai, Roger Fan and Shelley Malil.
2008 - The European deep space probe launched in 2004, Rosetta, completed a flyby of the Steins asteroid in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. The timing of the flyby meant the asteroid was illuminated by the sun, making it likely that transmitted images would be clear and sharp for scientists working on the origins of the solar system.
2008 - Authorities in central Taiwan turned off the red light at Ai-Le, the last legal brothel in Nantou county after the death of its pimp at age 87. Licensing of new brothels had stopped in 1974, but brothels licensed prior to 1974 had been allowed to keep operating.
2009 - Racially charged violence erupted between a group protesting Islamic extremism and counter-demonstrators in the central city of Birmingham, England; police arrested 90 people. The clashes erupted when a rally by the English Defense League ran into counter-demonstrators including anti-fascists and youths of South Asian descent.
2010 - Soldiers in northern Mexico opened fire on a car, killing a 15-year-old boy and his father. The car allegedly failed to stop at a military checkpoint. Relatives in the car said they were not stopped at a checkpoint, but were shot at after they passed a military convoy. A few days later, the military announced that it had filed charges against several soldiers for the shooting.
2011 - Hundreds of anti-government protesters marched through Mbabane, the capital of Swaziland, demanding democracy. The marchers chanted against freezes of government salaries and cuts to student allowances. Swaziland was in a financial crisis fueled by corruption and declining customs revenue that had led to widespread shortages of medication.
2012 - Texas health officials said at least 43 people had died since January of West Nile virus. Across the U.S., 87 deaths had been reported to the CDC.
2013 - With its meticulous criminal craftsmen, cheap labor and less effective law enforcement, Peru had since 2011 overtaken Colombia as the #1 source of counterfeit U.S. dollars. This, according to the U.S. Secret Service, protector of the world’s most widely traded currency.
2014 - Motion pictures debuting in the U.S. on this day included: The Identical, starring Ashley Judd, Seth Green and Amanda Crew; Falcon Rising, with Neal McDonough, Michael Jai White and Laila Ali; God Help the Girl, starring Olly Alexander, Hannah Murray and Pierre Boulanger; the documentary, Last Days in Vietnam; The Longest Week, with Olivia Wilde, Jason Bateman and Jenny Slate; and No No: A Dockumentary.
2014 - NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) expanded the Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary on Lake Huron from 450 to 4,300 square miles. The increase boosted the preservation of shipwrecks in the area to and estimated 200.
2015 - Thousands of migrants who had been stuck in Hungary, demanding passage to the West, were allowed into Austria and Germany. The right-wing Hungarian government had tried to stop them but was overwhelmed by the sheer numbers heading for Europe’s frontiers.
2015 - Japan lifted its 4 1/2-year-old evacuation order for the northeastern town of Naraha. All of the town’s 7,400 residents had been ordered out following the disaster at the nearby Fukushima nuclear plant.
2016 - The Italian navy rescued nearly 500 boat migrants off the coast of Libya and recovered the bodies of six people who fell out of a leaking rubber vessel. Europe’s worst migrant crisis since World War II was focused on Italy, at Europe’s southern frontier, where some 115,000 people had arrived by the end of August.
2016 - POTUS Obama wrapped up his final G20 meetings saying his meeting with Russian President Vladimir Putin was “candid, blunt and businesslike.” Obama said that he and Putin had “productive conversations” about negotiating a “real cessation of hostilities” in Syria but that “gaps of trust” prevented reaching an agreement.
2017 - POTUS Trump, continuing his campaign to shut down all things created by his predecessor, president Barack Obama, announced the end of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) that had been established by Obama in 2012. The action by Trump prompted alarm for about 800,000 immigrants who had entered the U.S. as children.
2017 - With the fight against the jihadists in its fourth year, the U.S.-led coalition fighting the Islamic State group in Iraq and Syria swore in a new commanding general. Lieutenant General Paul Funk assumed command of the Operation Inherent Resolve joint task force at a ceremony on a military base in the region.
2018 - Britain charged two Russians -- in absentia -- with the attempted murder of a former Russian spy and his daughter. Athorities said the suspects were military intelligence officers almost certainly acting on orders from high up in the Russian state (read: “Vladimir Putin”). British authorities identified the suspects as Russian nationals traveling on genuine passports under the aliases Alexander Petrov and Ruslan Boshirov. British police revealed images of the two men they said had flown to Britain for a weekend in March to kill former spy Sergei Skripal with Novichok, a military-grade nerve agent. Skripal’s daughter Yulia and a police officer who attended the scene also fell ill in the case, which caused the biggest East-West diplomatic expulsions since the Cold War. A woman later died from Novichok poisoning after her partner found a counterfeit perfume bottle which police believe had been used to smuggle the nerve agent into Britain.
2019 - Ajay Dhingra (43) of Houston was indicted on federal charges of possessing a bump stock. It was the first case in the U.S. since the Trump administration banned bump stocks -- devices using the recoil of a semi-automatic firearm to fire in rapid succession. The ban came after a national outcry after a gunman used the device to carry out a mass shooting at an October 2017 music festival in Las Vegas, killing 58 people and wounding hundreds more.
2020 - India’s coronavirus caseload surpassed four million. Surges have crippled the underfunded health care system in outlying areas. The health ministry also reported a total of 69,561 deaths.
2020 - Joe Biden’s presidential campaign added former Democratic primary rival Pete Buttigieg, along with senior officials who served under POTUS Barack Obama, to an expanded White House transition team.
2020 - Authentic won the 146th Kentucky Derby at Churchill Downs in Louisville. It was the first time the race had been run without spectators.
2021 - Thousands of people who fled South Lake Tahoe in the teeth of a wildfire were returning as crews had finally managed to stall the advance of flames.
2022 - 6.6-magnitude earthquake struck the Chinese city of Chengdu, killing 65 people. The Sichuan seismological authority reported that over 1,000 soldiers had been summoned to assist in the rescue efforts. The quake hit as residents were on lockdown for COVID-19, which left them with limited options as they sought safety.
2022 - European leaders scrambled to prevent an energy disaster as natural gas prices shot up by 35 percent. The rise in prices followed Russia’s shutting down its main gas pipeline to Germany, Nord Stream 1. Stocks fell and the euro dropped to its lowest level in two decades as leaders across the continent looked for ways to reduce demand ahead of winter.
and more...
Birthdays on This Day September 5
1638 - Louis XIV
‘The Sun King’ [he chose the sun as his royal emblem]: King of France [1643-1715]; died Sep 1, 17151850 - Jack Daniel
founder of Jack Daniel’s Tennessee whiskey distillery; died Oct 10, 19111897 - Morris Carnovsky
actor: Cyrano de Bergerac, Gun Crazy, Dead Reckoning, Rhapsody in Blue, Our Vines Have Tender Grapes; cofounder of New York’s Group Theater; Shakespearean actor; died Sep 1, 19921897 - Arthur Charles Nielsen
market researcher: founder of A.C. Nielsen Co.: radio and TV audience surveys; Tennis Hall of Famer: avid player, generous patron; died June 1, 19811901 - Florence Eldridge (McKechnie)
actress: Inherit the Wind, Les Miserables, Mary of Scotland, Christopher Columbus; died Aug 1, 19881902 - Darryl F. (Francis) Zanuck
producer: The Jazz Singer, The Grapes of Wrath, Forever Amber, The Snake Pit; cofounder of 20th Century Studios; died Dec 22, 19791905 - Arthur Koestler
novelist: The Thirteenth Tribe, Scum of the Earth, Darkness at Noon; died Mar 3, 19831912 - John Cage
composer: experimental music and performance with non-traditional instruments: Bacchanal, Anthems of the Sun, Living Room, Water Music, Third Construction, 4’53"; died Aug 12, 19921921 - Jack Valenti
movie executive: president of Motion Picture Association of America; died Apr 26, 20071929 - Bob Newhart
actor, comedian: The Bob Newhart Show, Newhart; LP: The Button Down Mind of Bob Newhart1932 - Carol Lawrence (Laraia)
singer, actress: West Side Story, General Hospital1934 - Don Chandler
football [kicker]: Univ of Florida; NFL: New York Giants, Green Bay Packers [Super Bowl I, II]; died Aug 11, 20111936 - Bill Mazeroski
baseball: Pittsburgh Pirates1938 - John Ferguson
hockey: Fort-Wayne Komets, Cleveland Barons, Montreal Canadiens; died Jul 14, 20071939 - William Devane
actor: Deceit, A Christmas Visitor, The X-Files: The Truth, Hollow Man, Space Cowboys, Miracle on the Mountain: The Kincaid Family Story, 24, Knots Landing, Marathon Man, McCabe & Mrs. Miller, A Woman Named Jackie, From Here to Eternity1939 - Billy Kilmer
football: Washington Redskins quarterback: Super Bowl VII1939 - George Lazenby
actor: On Her Majesty’s Secret Service, General Hospital, Winter Break, Spider’s Web, Gut Feeling, Fox Hunt, Twin Sitters, Gettysburg, The Evil Inside Me, Emmanuelle series, Gettysburg1939 - Clay Regazzoni
auto racer: five-time grand prix champ [for Ferrari]; broke his back in a crash at Long Beach CA [1980]; died Dec 15, 20061939 - John Stewart
singer: Gold; group: The Kingston Trio; songwriter: Daydream Believer; died Jan 19, 20081940 - Raquel Welch (Jo Raquel Tejada)
actress: Tainted Blood, The Four Musketeers, Woman of the Year, Bandolero!, Mother, Jugs and Speed, Myra Breckenridge, Fantastic Voyage, Naked Gun 33 1/3: The Final Insult; died Feb 15, 20231945 - Al Stewart
singer, musician: guitar: Time Passages, Year of the Cat, Manuscript1946 - Dennis Dugan
actor: Happy Gilmore, Problem Child, Parenthood, The Howling, Night Moves, Night Call Nurses, Shadow Chasers, Richie Brockelman, Private Eye, Rich Man, Poor Man - Book I, Empire1946 - Freddie Mercury (Bulsara)
singer: I was Born to Love You; Queen: Another One Bites the Dust, Crazy Little Thing Called Love, We are the Champions; died Nov 24, 19911946 - Loudon Wainwright III
songwriter, singer: Dead Skunk; actor: M*A*S*H, The Slugger’s Wife, Jackknife1947 - Mel Collins
musician: saxophone, flute: group: The Alan Parson’s Project: The System Of] Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether, The Raven, I Wouldn’t Want to Be Like You, Eye in the Sky; prominent session musician
1947 - Buddy Miles
musician: drums: group: The Buddy Miles Express: Born Under a Bad Sign, All Along the Watchtower, Come Back Home, Nothing Left to Lose; died Feb 26, 20081950 - Cathy Guisewite
cartoonist: Cathy1951 - Michael Keaton
actor: Night Shift, Mr. Mom, Johnny Dangerously, Reaper, White Noise, First Daughter, Quicksand, Jack Frost, Desperate Measures, Jackie Brown, Pacific Heights, Beetle Juice, Batman, Multiplicity, Herbie Fully Loaded1951 - James McAlister
football: UCLA Hall of Famer, All-American running back; New England Patriots1952 - Cleo Miller
football: Cleveland Browns1960 - Willie Gault
football [wide receiver]: NFL: Chicago Bears [1983–1987]: 1986 Super Bowl XX champs; Los Angeles Raiders [1988–1993]1962 - Peter Wingfield
actor: Holby City, The Last Sin Eater, Miss Texas, SuperBabies: Baby Geniuses 2, Catwoman, Kingdom Hospital, X2, The Miracle of the Cards, 10,000 Days1963 - Terry Ellis
singer: group: En Vogue: Hold On, Free Your Mind, My Lovin’ [You’re Never Gonna Get It], Don’t Let Go [Love], Give It Up, Turn It Loose, Whatta Man1969 - Dweezil Zappa
musician: guitar: MTV; son of musician Frank Zappa, brother of singer Moon Unit Zappa1972 - Jimmy Haynes
baseball [pitcher]: Baltimore Orioles, Oakland Athletics, Milwaukee Brewers, Cinncinati Reds1973 - Rose McGowan
actress: The Doom Generation, Bio-Dome, Scream, Going All the Way, Charmed, Monkeybone1976 - Carice van Houten
actress: Game of Thrones, Valkyrie, Repo Men, Black Death, Black Book, Undercover Kitty, Black Book, The Happy Housewife, Black Butterflies1978 - Laura Bertram
actress: Andromeda, Solitaire, Seasons of Love, Sins of Silence, The Boys Next Door, Family Pictures, Ready or Not1981 - Ann Marie Rios
actress [2001-2012]: X-rated films: All Soaped Up, Toe-Sucking Strangers!, Secret Suburban Sex Parties, You Won’t Escape This Time, Honey!, Lesbian Halfway House, Struggling Bondage Playthings, Venus in Furs1984 - Erin Krakow
actress: Army Wives, When Calls the Heart, Chance at Romance, A Cookie Cutter Christmas1986 - Colt Mccoy
football [quarterback]: Univ of Texas; NFL: Cleveland Browns1988 - Emmy Raver
actress: The Umbrella Academy; stage: Hair, Jekyll & Hyde, Wicked, Hamilton1989 - Kat Graham
actress: The Vampire Diaries, Hannah Montana, The Parent Trap [1998], Hell on Earth, 17 Again, The Roommate, Dance Fu, Addicted; more1990 - Kim Yuna
South Korean figure skater: Olympic champion in Ladies’ Singles [2010]; World champion [2009], Four Continents champion [2009]; three-time Grand Prix Final champion [2006–2007, 2007–2008, 2009–2010]; 2006 World Junior champion; Junior Grand Prix Final champion [2005–2006]; four-time South Korean national champion [2002–2005]1998 - Helena Barlow
actress: Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2, Great Expectations, Harriet and the Matches
and still more...
Hit Music on This Day September 5
1948A Tree in the Meadow (facts) - Margaret Whiting
You Call Everybody Darlin’ (facts) - Al Trace (vocal: Bob Vincent)
1957
1966
1975
1984
1993
2002
2011
2020
and even more...
Those were the days, my friend. We thought they’d never end...
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